Mar 28, 2024  
2014-2015 Undergraduate Catalog 
    
2014-2015 Undergraduate Catalog [ARCHIVED CATALOG]

Course Descriptions


 Courses numbered from 101–299 are lower-division courses, primarily for freshmen and sophomores; those numbered from 300–499 are upper-division courses, primarily for juniors and seniors. The numbers 296, 396, 496, and 596 designate individual study courses and are available for registration by prior arrangement with the course instructor and approval of the department chair.

The number in parentheses following the course title indicates the amount of credit each course carries. Variable credit courses include the minimum and maximum number of the credits within parentheses.

Not all of the courses are offered every quarter. Final confirmation of courses to be offered, information on new courses and programs, as well as a list of hours, instructor, titles of courses and places of class meetings, is available online in My CWU which can be accessed through the the CWU home page, and go to www.cwu.edu/registrar/course-information

 

Art

  
  • ART 226 - Beginning Photography: Digital


    Description:
    This course surveys the beginning conceptual and technical tools required to navigate digital photography. Six hours of studio per week.

    Credits: (5)

  
  • ART 235 - Ancient and Medieval Art


    Description:
    A historical survey of Western Art from ancient times through the Gothic period.

    Credits: (4)

  
  • ART 236 - Renaissance through Mid-19th-century Art


    Description:
    A historical survey of Western Art from the Renaissance to Impressionism.

    Prerequisites & Notes:
    Prerequisite: ART 235.

    Credits: (4)

  
  • ART 237 - Impressionism through Postmodernism


    Description:
    Art in Europe and the United States from Impressionism through Postmodernism.

    Prerequisites & Notes:
    Prerequisites: ART 235 and 236.

    Credits: (4)

  
  • ART 241 - Wood Design I


    Description:
    Introduction to wood as an artistic and design medium. Emphasis on visual communication utilizing basic shaping and finishing process.

    Credits: (5)

    Notes:
    Six hours studio per week.
  
  • ART 246 - Jewelry/Metals I


    Description:
    Design and construction of jewelry and small-scale metal objects. Emphasis on technical skill development, applied technique, conceptual problems, and introduction to contemporary work.

    Credits: (5)

    Notes:
    Six hours studio per week.
  
  • ART 250 - Drawing II


    Description:
    A continuation of ART 150 with an emphasis on technique, composition, and interpretation of ideas. Includes drawing from the figure.

    Prerequisites & Notes:
    Prerequisite: ART 150.

    Credits: (5)

    Notes:
    Six hours studio per week.
  
  • ART 260 - Painting I


    Description:
    An introduction to the techniques of painting for expressive purposes. 

    Prerequisites & Notes:
    Prerequisites: ART 150 and ART 170.

    Credits: (5)

    Notes:
    Six hours studio per week.
  
  • ART 262 - Watercolor I


    Description:
    An introduction to the techniques of transparent watercolor and the visual problems of painting.

    Prerequisites & Notes:
    Prerequisite: ART 150.

    Credits: (5)

    Notes:
    Six hours studio per week.
  
  • ART 265 - Ceramics I


    Description:
    Beginning instruction in ceramics, hand-building and wheel-throwing techniques, including idea development and an exploration of techniques.

    Credits: (5)

    Notes:
    Six hours studio per week.
  
  • ART 274 - Typography


    Description:
    History and application of typography as a tool for visual communication.

    Prerequisites & Notes:
    Prerequisite: ART 170.

    Credits: (5)

  
  • ART 280 - Sculpture I


    Description:
    Introduction to the studio experience in sculpture. Emphasis is on the fundamental materials and basic methods of sculpture, including references to the history of sculpture.

    Credits: (5)

    Notes:
    Six hours studio per week.
  
  • ART 282 - Computer Art I


    Description:
    Use of computer systems and web software as tools for creative expression.

    Prerequisites & Notes:
    Prerequisite: ART 170.

    Credits: (5)

  
  • ART 283 - Graphic Interface Design I


    Description:
    This course teaches basic principles and tools necessary for designing graphic interfaces for web pages and applications. Students will design and create interfaces according to principles of visual organization and composition, information hierarchy, symbolic representation, typography and aesthetics.

    Prerequisites & Notes:
    Prerequisite: ART 274 and ART 282.

    Credits: (5)

  
  • ART 285 - Printmaking I


    Description:
    Exploration of techniques and history of prints, with an emphasis on relief printmaking.

    Prerequisites & Notes:
    Prerequisites: ART 150 and  ART 170.

    Credits: (5)

    Notes:
    Six hours of studio per week.
  
  
  • ART 298 - Special Topics


    Credits: (1-6)

  
  • ART 299 - Seminar


    Credits: (1-5)

  
  • ART 300 - Papermaking


    Description:
    Hand papermaking techniques, exploring historical and contemporary works/methods. Watermarking, pigmentation, moldmaking, with emphasis on sheetforming and fiber preparation.

    Credits: (4)

    Repeatable for Credit
    May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ART 324 - History of Photography


    Description:
    A survey of contemporary photographers, their ideas, and the influences of their work upon culture. Covers mid-20th century to the present.

    Prerequisites & Notes:
    Prerequisite: ART 225.

    Credits: (4)

  
  • ART 325A - Photography II–Color Photo Media


    Description:
    Introduction to color photography encompassing the visual culture dialogue as well as techniques for digital, transparency, and negative films, as well as the beginning use of artificial light.

    Prerequisites & Notes:
    Prerequisite: ART 225.

    Credits: (5)

  
  • ART 325B - Photography II–Alternative Processes


    Description:
    An introduction to 19th century photographic processes, review of the contemporary concepts, and its application immersed with digital-and film-based negative techniques.

    Prerequisites & Notes:
    Prerequisite: ART 225.

    Credits: (5)

  
  • ART 325C - Photography II–Digital Imaging


    Description:
    An introduction to digital still photography and contemporary visual concepts encompassing the televised to printed image. Techniques reviewed include image capture, RAW process, composing, color management, and printing options.

    Prerequisites & Notes:
    Prerequisite: ART 225.

    Credits: (5)

  
  • ART 330 - Art in the Elementary School


    Description:
    Content and methodology for teaching art in the elementary school.

    Prerequisites & Notes:
    Prerequisite: conditional or full admission to the TeacherCertification Program.

    Credits: (4)

  
  • ART 332 - Art Curriculum and Field Experience


    Description:
    Developing discipline-based art education curriculum for the elementary and middle school, as well as preparing curriculum to teach Friday children’s art classes.

    Prerequisites & Notes:
    Prerequisite: ART 330 and current WSP/FBI fingerprint clearance.

    Credits: (4)

  
  • ART 341 - Wood Design II


    Description:
    Design and fabrication of furniture forms. Emphasis on creative form development utilizing advanced fabrication and finishing processes.

    Prerequisites & Notes:
    Prerequisite: ART 241.

    Credits: (5)

  
  • ART 346A - Jewelry/Metals II


    Description:
    Technical and conceptual aspects of jewelry and metalwork through modelmaking, casting, moldmaking, and construction of linkages and chains. Emphasis on personal exploration.

    Prerequisites & Notes:
    Prerequisite: ART 246.

    Credits: (5)

  
  • ART 346B - Jewelry/Metals II: Enameling


    Description:
    Technical and conceptual aspects of jewelry and metalwork with focus on enameling (glass on metal). Emphasis on personal exploration.

    Prerequisites & Notes:
    Prerequisite: ART 246.

    Credits: (5)

  
  • ART 346C - Jewelry/Metals II: Form and Surface


    Description:
    Technical and conceptual aspects of jewelry and metalwork utilizing methods of form and surface embellishment. Emphasis on personal exploration.

    Prerequisites & Notes:
    Prerequisite: ART 246.

    Credits: (5)

  
  • ART 350 - Drawing III


    Description:
    A continuation of ART 250 with increased emphasis on drawing as a major means of visual expression. Includes drawing from the figure.

    Prerequisites & Notes:
    Prerequisite: ART 250.

    Credits: (5)

  
  • ART 351 - Illustration I


    Description:
    Introduction to a variety of media and techniques associated with illustration.

    Prerequisites & Notes:
    Prerequisites: ART 250 and either ART 260, or ART 262.

    Credits: (5)

  
  • ART 360A - Painting II


    Description:
    Continued study of technical and formal approaches to painting, with an emphasis on representational and narrative strategies.

    Prerequisites & Notes:
    Prerequisite: ART 260.

    Credits: (5)

  
  • ART 360B - Painting III


    Description:
    Continued study of technical and formal approach to painting, with emphasis on color.

    Prerequisites & Notes:
    Prerequisite: ART 360A.

    Credits: (5)

  
  • ART 362 - Watercolor II


    Description:
    A continuation of ART 262 stressing a higher degree of individual expression and experimentation with various waterbased media.

    Prerequisites & Notes:
    Prerequisite: ART 262.

    Credits: (5)

  
  • ART 365A - Ceramics II-Advanced Handbuilding


    Description:
    Advanced instruction in ceramic sculptural techniques, including historical and contemporary influences, investigation of clay bodies, and idea development.

    Prerequisites & Notes:
    Prerequisite: ART 265.

    Credits: (5)

  
  • ART 365B - Ceramics II-Advanced Wheel Throwing


    Description:
    Advanced instruction in ceramic pottery using the wheel, including vessel design and an investigation of clay bodies and high fire glazes.

    Prerequisites & Notes:
    Prerequisite: ART 265.

    Credits: (5)

  
  • ART 367 - Kiln Building and Repair


    Description:
    This course covers kiln building for gas- and wood-fired kilns. Students will learn about refractory materials, forced air and natural draft burner systems, pilot burners and safety systems. Catenary and sprung arch forms will be built.

    Prerequisites & Notes:
    Prerequisite: ART 265.

    Credits: (5)

    Repeatable for Credit
    May be repeated up to 10 credits.
    Notes:
    Put on reserve 9/16/2014, will go inactive 8/24/2017.
  
  • ART 368 - Ceramic Materials and Effects


    Description:
    This course covers an investigation into materials and their effects in the media of ceramics. Glaze calculation and testing along with clay body tests will be the main focus of this course. Low fire, midrange and high-fire temperatures will also be addressed.

    Prerequisites & Notes:
    Prerequisite: ART 265.

    Credits: (5)

    Repeatable for Credit
    May be repeated up to 10 credits.
  
  • ART 370 - Layout and Design I


    Description:
    Two-dimensional design, introduction to type, design, and composition concepts.

    Credits: (5)

    Consent
    By permission.
    Notes:
    Two hours lecture and four hours studio per week.
  
  • ART 371 - Layout and Design II


    Description:
    Advanced work in design composition with emphasis on applications of letter forms and color.

    Credits: (5)

    Consent
    By permission.
    Notes:
    Two hours lecture and four hours studio per week.
  
  • ART 372 - Design and Production I


    Description:
    Emphasis on advertising art and production techniques.

    Credits: (5)

    Consent
    By permission.
    Notes:
    Two hours lecture and four hours studio per week.
  
  • ART 374 - History of Graphic Design


    Description:
    A historical survey of the graphic arts from their beginning to the present.

    Credits: (4)

  
  • ART 380A - Sculpture II: Object and Form


    Description:
    A continuation of the studio experience of sculpture, emphasizing the development of object and form, a higher level of technical competence, greater exploration of materials, and conceptual development.

    Prerequisites & Notes:
    Prerequisite: ART 280.

    Credits: (5)

  
  • ART 380B - Sculpture II: Installation Art


    Description:
    A continuation of the studio experience of sculpture, emphasizing the development of installation art within a spatial context, a higher level of technical competence, greater exploration of materials, and conceptual development.

    Prerequisites & Notes:
    Prerequisite: ART 280.

    Credits: (5)

  
  • ART 381 - Mixed-media Art


    Description:
    A concentrated study of the integration of two- and three-dimensional media into mixed-media art forms.

    Prerequisites & Notes:
    Prerequisites: ART 260 and ART 280.

    Credits: (5)

    Repeatable for Credit
    May be repeated up to 10 credits.
    Notes:
    Five studio hours per week. Put on reserve 9/16/2014, will go inactive 8/24/2017.
  
  • ART 382 - Computer Art II


    Description:
    Exploration of several software programs and computer output devices for creation of electronic art.

    Credits: (5)

  
  • ART 383 - Graphic Interface Design II


    Description:
    This course teaches intermediate principles and tools necessary for designing graphic interfaces for web pages and applications. Students will design and create interfaces according to principles of visual organization and composition, information hierarchy, symbolic representation, typography and aesthetics and build on concepts taught in Graphic Interface Design 1.

    Prerequisites & Notes:
    Prerequisite: ART 283.

    Credits: (5)

  
  • ART 389 - Contemporary Concepts in Art


    Description:
    Exploration of the contextual, formal, and philosophic meanings of current art movements and theories in regards to their relevance and place in contemporary art practice.

    Credits: (4)

  
  • ART 398 - Special Topics


    Credits: (1-6)

  
  • ART 410 - Art of the Italian Renaissance


    Description:
    The painting, sculpture, and architecture of the Italian Renaissance from the late Middle Ages through the 16th century.

    Prerequisites & Notes:
    Prerequisite: ART 236.

    Credits: (4)

    Notes:
    Put on reserve 9/16/2014, will go inactive 8/24/2017.
  
  • ART 414 - Recent Art


    Description:
    The visual arts of the last 25 years, including the traditional forms of painting, sculpture and architecture, and newer forms including video, computer, and performance art.

    Prerequisites & Notes:
    Prerequisite: ART 237.

    Credits: (4)

  
  • ART 415 - Painters and Printmakers of Northern Europe


    Description:
    Art of Germany, Flanders, and Holland, 15th-18th century.

    Credits: (4)

    Notes:
    Reserve 12/15/12, inactive until 12/15/15.
  
  • ART 420 - American Art and Architecture


    Description:
    A study of art and architecture in America from the Colonial era to today. Contributions of Americans to world art, the role of art in American life and the work of canonical artists and architects are stressed. Recognition of major and styles is emphasized.

    Credits: (4)

  
  • ART 425 - Photography III: Advanced


    Description:
    This is a portfolio building and professional development course. Designed for the advanced student to independently pursue creative research appropriate to conceptual concerns and technical application related to photo-media.

    Prerequisites & Notes:
    Prerequisites: ART 325A, ART 325B, and ART 325C.

    Credits: (5)

    Repeatable for Credit
    May be repeated up to a 20 credits.
  
  • ART 430 - Components of Art Education


    Description:
    Content and strategies for teaching aesthetics, art criticism, art history, and art production in art education; writing, implementing, and assessing quality art lessons.

    Prerequisites & Notes:
    Prerequisite: ART 330.

    Credits: (4)

  
  • ART 432 - Art in Secondary School


    Description:
    Current philosophies and curriculum in the secondary school; objectives, planning, methods of teaching and evaluation.

    Prerequisites & Notes:
    Prerequisite: ART 430.

    Credits: (4)

  
  • ART 441 - Wood Design III


    Description:
    Advanced design and fabrication of furniture forms. Emphasis on research and development of furniture forms utilizing advanced and/or innovative fabrication and finishing processes.

    Prerequisites & Notes:
    Prerequisite: ART 341.

    Credits: (5)

    Repeatable for Credit
    May be repeated for credit.
    Notes:
    Six hours studio per week.
  
  • ART 446 - Jewelry/Metals III


    Description:
    Advanced exploration of personal expression in metals, with emphasis on self-direction, conceptual and technical mastery, and professionalization of practice.

    Prerequisites & Notes:
    Prerequisites: ART 346A, ART 346B, and ART 346C.

    Credits: (5)

    Repeatable for Credit
    May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ART 449 - Principles of Color


    Description:
    The technical, historic and aesthetic dimensions of pigment and light colors including an examination of major color theories.

    Prerequisites & Notes:
    Prerequisite: two art studio courses.

    Credits: (5)

    Notes:
    Put on reserve 9/16/2014, will go inactive 8/24/2017.
  
  • ART 450 - Drawing IV


    Description:
    Advanced study and experimentation with technical, formal, and conceptual problems in drawing. Includes drawing from the figure.

    Prerequisites & Notes:
    Prerequisite: ART 350.

    Credits: (5)

    Repeatable for Credit
    May be repeated for credit by undergraduates only.
  
  • ART 451 - Illustration II


    Description:
    A continuation of ART 351 stressing development of personal expression in illustration.

    Prerequisites & Notes:
    Prerequisite: ART 351.

    Credits: (5)

    Notes:
    May be repeated for credit by undergraduates only.
  
  • ART 456 - History of Eastern Art


    Description:
    A survey of the architecture, sculpture, painting, and the crafts of India, Indonesia, China, and Japan. ART 456 and ART 556 are layered courses; students may not receive credit for both.

    Credits: (4)

    Notes:
    Put on reserve 9/16/2014, will go inactive 8/24/2017.
  
  • ART 460 - Painting IV


    Description:
    Advanced study and experimentation in technical, formal, and conceptual approaches to painting, with an emphasis on developing individual expression.

    Prerequisites & Notes:
    Prerequisites: ART 360B and ART 450.

    Credits: (5)

    Repeatable for Credit
    May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ART 465 - Ceramics III


    Description:
    A continued exploration of ceramic materials and processes. Emphasis on developing professional practices and personal vocabulary through the ceramic medium.

    Prerequisites & Notes:
    Prerequisites: ART 365A or ART 365B.

    Credits: (5)

    Consent
    By permission.
    Repeatable for Credit
    May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ART 470 - Advertising Graphic Design


    Description:
    Concept and design of advertising problems. Presentation and communication skills; introduction to analysis and implementation of marketing strategies.

    Credits: (5)

    Repeatable for Credit
    May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ART 471 - Corporate Graphic Design


    Description:
    Principles of corporate concept and design: advanced presentation and communication skills; analysis and implementation of marketing strategies in the corporate setting.

    Prerequisites & Notes:
    Prerequisite: ART 470.

    Credits: (5)

    Consent
    By permission.
  
  • ART 472 - Design and Production II


    Description:
    Continues the development of professional attitudes; promotes creative problem solving techniques; defines the role of designer or art director and relationships to typographer and printer.

    Prerequisites & Notes:
    Prerequisite: ART 471.

    Credits: (5)

  
  • ART 474 - Typography II


    Description:
    Explore traditional and conceptual typographic applications, structural and visual elements of typography, with an emphasis on history, anatomy, terminology, letter, word, line, paragraph, and type-image relationships.

    Prerequisites & Notes:
    Prerequisite: ART 274.

    Credits: (5)

  
  • ART 480 - Sculpture III


    Description:
    Advanced studies in sculpture. Emphasis is on creative self-expression and the development of a self-directed body of work.

    Prerequisites & Notes:
    Prerequisites: ART 380A and ART 380B.

    Credits: (5)

    Repeatable for Credit
    May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ART 483 - Graphic Interface Design III


    Description:
    This course teaches advanced visual principles necessary for designing graphic interfaces for web pages and applications. Students will design and create interfaces according to principles of visual organization and composition, information hierarchy, symbolic representation, typography and aesthetics and build on concepts taught in Graphic Interface Design 2.

    Prerequisites & Notes:
    Prerequisite: ART 383.

    Credits: (5)

  
  • Learning Agreement Forms

    ART 490 - Cooperative Education


    Description:
    An individualized, contracted field experience with business, industry, government, or social service agencies. This contractual arrangement involves a student-learning plan, cooperating employer supervision, and faculty coordination.

    Credits: (1-12)

    Consent
    By permission.
    Repeatable for Credit
    May be repeated for credit.
    Grading Basis
    Grade will either be S or U.
  
  • ART 491 - Workshop


    Credits: (1-6)

    Repeatable for Credit
    May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ART 495 - Studio Project


    Description:
    Preparation of a professional portfolio and presentation of a body of work suitable for exhibition. Satisfies end-of-major assessment requirement.

    Credits: (1)

    Grading Basis
    Grade will either be S or U.
    Notes:
    Must be taken during one of the last two quarters prior to graduation.
  
  • ART 496A - Individual Study: Computer Art


    Credits: (1-6)

    Consent
    By permissoion.
    Repeatable for Credit
    May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ART 496C - Individual Study: Ceramics


    Credits: (1-6)

    Consent
    By permission.
    Repeatable for Credit
    May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ART 496D - Individual Study: Drawing


    Credits: (1-6)

    Consent
    By permission.
    Repeatable for Credit
    May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ART 496E - Individual Study: Art Education


    Credits: (1-6)

    Consent
    By permission.
    Repeatable for Credit
    May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ART 496G - Individual Study: Graphic Design


    Credits: (1-6)

    Consent
    By permission.
    Repeatable for Credit
    May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ART 496H - Individual Study: Art History


    Credits: (1-6)

    Consent
    By permission.
    Repeatable for Credit
    May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ART 496J - Individual Study: Jewelry/Metals


    Credits: (1-6)

    Consent
    By permission.
    Repeatable for Credit
    May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ART 496P - Individual Study: Painting


    Credits: (1-6)

    Consent
    By permission.
    Repeatable for Credit
    May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ART 496S - Individual Study: Sculpture


    Credits: (1-6)

    Consent
    By permission.
    Repeatable for Credit
    May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ART 496T - Individual Study: Photography


    Credits: (1-6)

    Consent
    By permission.
    Repeatable for Credit
    May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ART 496W - Individual Study: Wood Design


    Credits: (1-6)

    Consent
    By permission.
    Repeatable for Credit
    May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ART 498 - Special Topics


    Credits: (1-6)

  
  • ART 499 - Seminar


    Credits: (1-5)


Asia/Pacific Studies

  
  • AST 102 - Introduction to Asian Studies


    Description:
    An interdisciplinary introduction to the study of Asia; emphasizing geography, history, culture, and economics.

    Credits: (3)

    General Education Category
    SB-Perspectives on World Cultures (W).
  
  • AST 301 - Chinese Literature in Translation


    Description:
    A survey of Chinese literature in translation. AST 301 and CHIN 301 are equivalent courses; students may not receive credit for both.

    Credits: (4)

  
  • AST 310 - Japan Today


    Description:
    Study of culture, social structure, human relations, and issues and problems in contemporary Japan.

    Credits: (3)

  
  • AST 340 - Ethnography of China


    Description:
    This course is designed to explore China from the perspectives of general cultural patterns and ethnicity. ANTH 340 and AST 340 are cross-listed courses; students may not receive credit for both.


    Credits: (4)

  
  
  • AST 398 - Special Topics


    Credits: (1-6)

  
  • AST 401 - Asia/Pacific Studies Capstone


    Description:
    Senior research project of creative expression, to be completed in conjunction with elective course under the supervision of an Asia Pacific Studies teaching faculty member or someone designated by director.

    Credits: (3)

  
  • AST 465 - Indian Cinema


    Description:
    An examination of the history, aesthetic achievements, major directors and themes, and cultural explorations of Indian cinema. The course explores films from a variety of Indian cinematic traditions including  the Bengali, Hindi, Bangladeshi, Telugu, Tamil, Marathi, Malavalam, Kashmir, and Kannada film industries.

    Credits: (4)

    Notes:
    Put on reserve 9/16/2014, will go inactive 8/24/2017.

Aviation Management

  
  • AVM 296 - Individual Study


    Credits: (1-6)

    Consent
    By permission.
    Repeatable for Credit
    May be repeated for credit.
  
  • AVM 298 - Special Topics


    Credits: (1-6)

    Repeatable for Credit
    May be repeated for credit.
  
  • AVM 330 - Aviation Law


    Description:
    This course provides an introduction to aviation law, the legal system, and the principles of law and how they may be applied to aspects of air transportation.

    Prerequisites & Notes:
    Students must be junior standing or above to enroll in this class.

    Credits: (3)

  
  • AVM 332 - Aviation Legislation


    Description:
    History and evolution of aviation governmental regulatory agencies in the US and internationally, including FAA, ICAO, and homeland security. Agency organization and operation, and legislative acts and treaties related to enforcement of aviation standards.

    Prerequisites & Notes:
    Prerequisite: AVM 330.

    Credits: (4)

  
  • AVM 333 - Air Transportation


    Description:
    The air transportation system including facilities, regulations, and problems encountered in commercial transportation, airline operations, economic, ethical, and social considerations.

    Prerequisites & Notes:
    Prerequisite: English 101 with a grade of C- or better.

    Credits: (4)

  
  • AVM 334 - Airport Management


    Description:
    Airport operations and management, including analysis of the role of the airport manager in planning, finance, and administration; public relations, social, political, and environmental considerations; operational requirements and facilities maintenance.

    Credits: (3)

 

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